Phil 327 – Ethics in the Information Age -- Fall, 2021 

Metropolitan State University

 

 

Syllabus (Note: this is the syllabus as it was at the beginning of the semester. Check the schedule below for changes and additions.)

 

Paper Assignments  (Note:  Unless otherwise indicated, these are carried over from last semester.  Check back for updated versions before you write your papers)

 

 First Paper Assignment Due Monday October 4 by 10:00 AM

 

Second Paper Assignment Due Monday, November 8 by 10:00 AM

 

Third Paper Assignment Due Monday, December 13 by 10:00 AM

Paper writing guides (relevant more to Position Papers #2 and#3 than to #1)

   My favorite:  from Jim Pryor of NYU

  Might be helpful as well:  from Joe Cruz of Williams College

 


Tentative schedule of assignments
(check for updates)
Date Topic Reading (to be completed before class) Writing Due Handouts - in class stuff
Aug. 27 Introduction none   Cases for Discussion;
Discussion Project: Identifying Ethical Issues
Sept. 3 Overview: Personal, Professional, and Social Issues in Information Technology

1. Quinn, Ethics for the Information Age,Chapter 1 (Optional - read this if you have time and interest after doing the other readings);  

2. Benkler, Wealth of Networks, Chapter 1, "Introduction: A moment of Opportunity and Challenge" -- - Chapter 1 starts on page 1 and runs to page 28; you may safely skip the section called "Four Methodological Comments" (pp.16-22) but do read the section that comes after it, called "The Stakes of It All."
There is a PDF of the whole book online here.

3. The Case of the Killer Robot (online here)

Response to Readings Discussion Project: Killer Robot
Sept. 10 Ethical Theories 1: Relativism, Religion, Kant

1. Quinn, Chapter 2, the first six sections, through p. 71; 
2. Excerpts from Kant (with notes);

Response to Readings

Discussion Project: Applying Kant; Cases for Discussion

First Paper Assignment

Sept. 17 Ethical Theories 2: Utilitarianism, Social Contract theory 1. Quinn, Chapter 2, the rest (but skip section 10 on virtue ethics for now);
2. "The Singer Solution to World Poverty" by Peter Singer;
Response to Readings Discussion Project: Applying Utilitarianism; Cases for Discussion;
Notes on Rawls on Justice
Sept. 24 Professional/Business ethics 1: responsibilities, standards, codes 1. Quinn, Chapter 2, section 10, (pp. 87-92 in the printed version);
2. Quinn, Chapter 9, the first five sections, (through p. 462 in the printed version)
Response to Readings Discussion Project:Applying the Software Engineering Code of Ethics; Cases for Discussion
Oct. 1 Professional/Business ethics 2: whistleblowing and loyalty 1. Quinn, Chapter 9, the rest (i.e., section 9.6);
2. "Illusions of whistleblower protection" by Brian Martin,
3.   Brian Martin's summary of Robert Jackall's discussion of whistleblowing;

4. Summary of Jackall's book "Moral Mazes"
(pdf) by Damian Grace, University of New South Wales

Response to Readings;

First Paper
(Due Monday, October 4 by 10:00AM)

Discussion Project: Whistleblowing
Oct. 8 What is the Internet (and especially social media) doing to our brains and our lives?

1. Quinn, Chapter 3, sections 1, 3, 4, and 10 (skip section 2 on spam, or read it if you have time and interest; we'll read the remaining sections (5 through 9) next week);

2. Nicholas Carr,   "The Platform Is the Conversation" (Carr is the author of The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing To Our Brains. Here he is responding to the news from a few years ago that Facebook ran experiments on the emotional psychology of its users.)

3. Nat Eliason, The Destructive Switch from Search to Social

4. Andrew Sullivan on Internet addiction: I Used To Be a Human Being (I'm putting this last, even though I think it's one of the best, because it is rather long. Maybe you won't have time, but I hope you will.)

Response to Readings Discussion project on Facebook whistleblower
Oct. 15 Free Speech, Censorship and related issues

1. Quinn, Chapter 3, sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

2 [Leaving this one out for now. Feel free to read it if you have the time and interest.] . Brian Leiter on Cyber-Cesspools:

cleaner version,

explicit version (avoid if you would rather not read disgustingly misogynistic quotes from the cybercesspool)

3. "CDA 230: The Most Important Law Protecting Internet Speech" from the Electronic Frontier Foundation

4. Angie Holan (Editor-in-chief of the fact-checking organization PolitiFact), "To control online misinformation, we need real-world solutions"

5. Ben Burgis (philosophy professor and podcaster), "The Left Should Oppose Censorship by Big Tech Companies"

6. Some short recent news and opinion pieces:

  1. This brief article by a scholar who studies the Internet explains how social media provide a dangerous new pathway for harmful misinformation to spread:  https://techpolicy.press/vaccines-and-the-mediation-of-consent/
  2. This brief article reminds us that for some platforms (in this case Google search) human content moderation is not feasible, so the platforms turn to machine learning to ‘scale up’, and this leads to problems.  https://www.fastcompany.com/90663621/vint-cerf-google-misinformation
  3. This brief article makes the case that policy solutions can’t focus on the fact that ‘most people won’t be harmed (or deceived or confused)’ and need to focus on the relatively small number of people who will be.  (As the reporter acknowledges, this is hard to accept.): https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/05/technology/youtube-misinformation.html?smid=tw-share
  4. Just to hook on to one of the latest events, the announcement of this year’s Nobel Peace prize: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/10/09/maria-ressa-nobel-prize-indictment-of-facebook/
  5. And this article provides a pretty good overview of the political state of play with respect to regulating social media companies: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/09/technology/facebook-big-tobacco-regulation.html

 

Response to Readings Second Paper Assignment handed out
Oct. 22 Privacy 1 - What is privacy and why is it important? -- private sector policies and practices 1. Quinn, Chapter 5;
2. MSNBC article on privacy law
Response to Readings Discussion project on privacy;
Oct. 29 Privacy 2 - Privacy and the Government 1. Quinn, Chapter 6;
2. plus whatever you have time for from the articles listed on this page
Response to Readings Discussion project on Surveillance
Nov. 5 Ethical issues with Artificial Intelligence ('general AI' and 'narrow AI')

1. First, so-called "general" AI (machines capable of human-level or beyond human-level thinking and deciding). A Ted Talk by philosopher/futurist Nick Bostrom
https://www.ted.com/talks/nick_bostrom_what_happens_when_our_computers_get_smarter_than_we_are/transcript


[Optional: Want a more detailed discussion of Bostrom's ideas?
a. Here's a review of his book Superintelligence
https://reason.com/2014/09/12/will-superintelligent-machines-destroy-h/
b. and here's an academic paper offering an approach to thinking about how to ensure that general AI is 'friendly'. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/aipolicy.pdf ]


2. An overview of some issues arising in connection with so-called “narrow AI” (I.e., the kind that already exists and is becoming more and more common in our digital lives:  https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/hold-artificial-intelligence-accountable/


3.  Two brief pieces about Cathy O’Neil’s book Weapons of Math Destruction:


One by the author:    https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/04/weapons-math-destruction/
And a review by Cory Doctorow:  https://boingboing.net/2016/09/06/weapons-of-math-destruction-i.html


4. Allegations of bias in Google search algorithms:
https://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new
This page has a brief summary of Noble’s thinking, but also a couple of video’s that are useful.  The one near the top of the page is short and all good.  The one near the bottom of the page starts with three minute of promotional fluff that is best skipped, so start at the 3 minute mark.

5. Racial bias in facial recognition technology:  https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/



Response to Readings;

Second paper due Monday November 8 by 10:00AM

 

Nov. 12 Intellectual Property

1. Richard Stallman, Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors 

2. Quinn, Chapter 4 -- If you have time and interest, read the whole chapter.  If not read at least: Section 4.2 (pp. 162-169), Section 4.3.4 (pp. 172-175), Section 4.4 (pp. 179-186), Sections 4.8, 4.9, and 4.10 (pp.201-211)

3. links to further (optional) materials on copyright - read some of this if you have time and interest.

Response to Readings

Larry Lessig's TED talk;


Discussion project on Copyright

Nov. 19 Access, Equity, and Work

1. Quinn, Chapter 10, “Work and Wealth”

2. Daron Acemoglu, “AI's Future Doesn't Have to Be Dystopian" (Optional: If you had time to read some of the replies to this essay that can be found at the top and bottom of the article, that would be great.)

[Note: Some of the ideas in this essay will also be relevant the topic we will take up after the Thanksgiving break: the effect of information technology and the internet on politics and democracy.]


Response to Readings

Nov. 26 The day before the Thanksgiving holiday No Class    
Dec. 3

The Internet and Democracy

 

 

 

Some blame the internet for polarization and misinformation in our society:

1. “The Daily Me" by Cass Sunstein (From his book #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media)

2. Sunstein on Group Polarization and Cybercascades

[Optional: If you like watching and listening to people talk instead of reading, or if you just like to get a better sense of what a writer is like,  here’s a talk that Cass Sunstein gave (virtually) to an audience in Chile last October, going over much the same set of ideas that he wrote about in his book. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ay_DJGs_cc&list=UUKSa9-lO2UlFNEvkyW-GpEA  ]

3. A recent example: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-knew-radicalized-users-rcna3581

But others blame increasingly propagandistic broadcast media (like Fox News):

4. "Selling Outrage" Deborah Chasman interviews our old friend Yochai Benkler. This interview begins with his diagnosis of the roots of these problems.  About halfway through, the conversation turns to the question of what to do: Benkler's focus is on how to improve journalistic practices to make it harder for misinformation and propaganda to spread. 

5. Philosopher C. Thi Nguyen tries to sort it out: https://bostonreview.net/articles/polarization-or-propaganda/

6. Some think we need to "Bring Back the Fairness Doctrine"

7. But Surveillance Capitalism author Shoshana Zuboff argues in a recent essay that we need to destroy the whole data extraction business model of 'big tech'.

Response to Readings

Discussion Project on the Internet and Democracy

Benkler Notes

Third paper

Law journal article on the Fairness Doctrine

Dec.10 Wrap Up; Course evaluations
  1. Software designer Tobias van Schneider on design ethics:  "The Art of Being a Hypocrite Designer"

  2. Salkever and Wadwa. "How Design Can Make Tech Products Less Addictive" (Don't neglect to click the button labeled "Story continues" to get the second half of the article.)

  3. Principles for Technologists from Tristan Harris' Center for Human Technology (There is an OK video near the top of this page, if videos are your thing, but it contains 40 minutes of presentation and nearly an hour of Q and A. You can find out what these folks are advocating more quickly by reading the stuff below the video. This part of the page has numerous headers that expand into lists and explanations when you click on them.)

Response to readings

Third paper due Monday, December 13 by 10 am

Story of Stuff videos: Stuff in general; Electronic stuff