Syllabus Instructor:
Philosophy
Principles of
Inquiry: Ways of Knowing
Summer
Semester 2006 612-728-9421
tomatchison@bigfoot.com
The following books are available at
the Metro State Bookstore:
How to Think About Weird Things
(4th ed.) by Theodore Schick, Jr. and Lewis Vaughn
Contemporary
Philosophy of Social Science: A Multicultural Approach by Brian Fay
The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (3rd ed.) by Thomas Kuhn
Further
materials (lots of them) will be available on the Web.
Class Blog: We will have an online discussion forum at: www.woldww.net/philoclass/ . This will be our approximation to class discussion and participation is required (details below). Students in this class will be able to author their own blog entries and to comment on those authored by others. Contact the instructor by email to receive login instructions and passwords.
This course will raise and consider a number
of questions about knowledge: First, what is knowledge? What is the difference between knowing that
something is true and just believing (or being of the opinion) that it is
true?
Second,
what sorts of methods or modes of inquiry can reliably produce knowledge? This is closely related to another question:
how can knowledge claims be substantiated or justified? (If I claim to know something, and you
challenge my claim, what sort of evidence or argument must I produce in order
to show that I really do know what I claim to know?) Here we will need to consider whether there
are various methods for acquiring knowledge or whether instead there is
really only one method (perhaps something called “the scientific
method”). Is science the only reliable
‘way of knowing’, or are their others (faith or intuition or personal
experience or …?)? Should we accept
claims that non-Western cultures have distinctive ‘ways of knowing’? What about the idea that there are (as a
recent book title suggests) ‘women’s ways of knowing’?
A
third question: How should we think
about the structure of human knowledge? How, that is, are the various
things we know related to one another?
One historically prominent idea is that we should think of knowledge as
being like a building – as having foundations.
The foundations would be basic in the sense that they would not
need any further justification, and all the rest of our knowledge would be
built up on these foundations. Is this a
good metaphor? If so, what sort of
knowledge claims could count as basic in the required sense? Lately, many philosophers have criticized
this metaphor and argued that no knowledge claims can be basic in the required
sense. These philosophers have preferred
to use the metaphor of a web wherein the strands offer each other mutual
support, but no one strand is basic. If
no beliefs are basic, though, does this mean that our knowledge as a whole is unjustified?
These
questions are potentially quite abstract and theoretical. (They are central to the branch of philosophy
known as ‘epistemology’ or the theory of knowledge.) But I want to treat them as practical
questions, too. The world we live in is,
in some ways, a fairly confusing place.
In the public sphere of politics and the marketplace, as well as in our
personal lives, claims and counter-claims abound. Many people claim to know one thing or
another, and many others claim to know that those very claims are false or ill
founded. How can we sort through the
spin and the propaganda and figure out what’s really going on?
I
cannot promise we will answer any of these questions to your satisfaction. They are, for the most part, very difficult
questions. What we can hope to do is to
learn something about how various historical and contemporary thinkers have
answered them, and to become somewhat more careful and critical in our own
efforts to answer them.
A note on the
status of the textbooks:
In philosophy, unlike some subjects,
textbooks are to be argued with, criticized and challenged, not simply learned
or remembered. I would not have ordered
these books if I did not think that they had some merit, but the merit that I
think they have is that they are reasonably readable and provocative. I do not think that they are entirely
correct, right, true, or illuminating.
(And, even if I did think so, I would not expect students to agree or to
pretend that they did.)
Conduct of the Course
Although this course is listed as an independent study,
this is really a misnomer. It is a
web-based course. I will be trying to
provide more than just a series of assignments for you to complete entirely on
your own. I will be trying to create a
virtual classroom. The independent study
format threatens to deprive students of two things that are, in my view,
essential components of good philosophy instruction: dialogue with an instructor and dialogue with
fellow learners. I hope we can provide a
reasonable facsimile of these things by using a blog: an online discussion
forum. Participation in online
discussion is required. You will still
have the advantage of being able to read the contributions of others and
compose your own contributions at times of your own choosing, but I will
require regular and substantial participation in order to pass the course. (See below for details.)
In an ideal world (and if I were a different kind of
teacher), I would provide a substitute for lectures by writing extensive
explanations and posting them for you to read.
But I have never made a practice of lecturing, and my classroom
presentations are almost always improvised, not composed in advance. So I will try to replicate my classroom
tactics here in cyberspace -- that is, I will try to provoke a conversation,
and then intervene as seems appropriate.
I will also gladly answer emailed questions. I will normally want to send all the students
a copy of the question and my answer (just as if you had asked the question in
the classroom). So let me know if you
want me to keep your question and its answer private. Sometimes I may not answer your questions and
instead try to steer you to a way to answer them yourself. I will also be steering you to some of the
many excellent web pages that provide explanations and background information
relevant to the course topics. (There
are links to some of these on my website, and I add more frequently. I also hope you will pass along any good web
sites you find.)
Much of our discussion will focus on understanding and
evaluating the texts. This will work well
only if you have done the assigned reading carefully -- often twice or three
times -- and given it some thought. In
philosophy we are interested not in the information that can be extracted from
a text, nor simply in the conclusions or opinions that an author expresses; we
are primarily interested in understanding and assessing the reasoning
that an author uses to try to establish or support those conclusions. This requires a very careful sort of
reading. As an example of the kind of
reading I’m talking about, look at the guide to Descartes’ Meditations prepared
by Rae Langton: www.arts.ed.ac.uk/philosophy/study_html/vade_mecum/sections/section5/descart1.htm
(This is part of your first
reading/writing assignment.) Notice that
her guide to the first meditation is longer than the original and that it
probes and challenges what Descartes is saying in a very detailed way. This may strike you as overkill, but it is
not! It is only through such careful
interpretation and testing that we can hope to make any progress in
philosophy. Otherwise we may be missing
important assumptions, sowing the seeds of later confusion by accepting
propositions we only half understand, and failing to perceive either the real
merits or the real weaknesses of an author’s work.
The point of reading these texts is
not only to understand what some great minds have produced. A guided tour through the
Assignments and Grading
Reading/writing assignments
The course will
be divided into 7 units, each corresponding to two week’s work for a
class. Each unit will consist of a
reading assignment, study questions and explanatory materials to help with
understanding and assessing the reading, and a brief writing assignment. All of these writing assignments must be
completed to pass the course. As you
complete each one, email it to me, and I will send you the next one along with
a grade and some comments on the one you sent me. I will not have time to make these comments
very extensive, but I want you to have some feedback on each assignment before
you write the next. I will be looking
for evidence that you have read carefully and given the material some
thought. These assignments do not
require the formal apparatus of an academic paper (footnotes, cover page,
bibliography, etc.). I recommend that
you compose your writing in a word processor, check for spelling and grammar,
and then, if it is in a format I can read (like Microsoft Word, or RTF) attach
it to an email, otherwise, paste it into the email. These assignments will count for 50% of your
grade for the course.
25% of your grade will be determined by my evaluation of
the quality of your participation in on-line class discussion. The minimum requirement here is to post one
substantive comment or well-developed question per week (two per unit). Just
showing up and saying something earns a C for this component; occasionally
making helpful contributions earns a B; regularly making helpful contributions
earns an A. Helpful contributions
include: asking pertinent questions, answering questions asked by the
instructor or by other students, expressing your views about the texts or
topics we are discussing, responding (relevantly and respectfully) to the views
expressed by others. “Substantive” here
means that you are saying something reasonably specific and well thought out –
something on the order of a meaty paragraph (as opposed to a quick
one-liner.) Shorter comments and
questions are also encouraged, but will not satisfy the ‘substantive comment’
requirement. I will let you know
several times during the semester how I think you are doing on this assignment.
Position Paper
A 6-10 page (typed, double-spaced, standard font size)
paper will be due at the end of the semester.
A position paper is a paper in which you articulate and support a
position or thesis. Your paper may be
on any topic reasonably connected to the course subject matter. Detailed instructions will be provided. You will need to submit and get feedback on
at least one draft of your paper before you submit the final version. The paper
will count for 25% of your grade.
I try hard to base my evaluation of your work on your
understanding of the reading, the quality of your reasoning and questioning,
and the clarity and effectiveness of your expression of your thoughts, not
on whether I agree with your philosophical theories, ideas, or opinions.
Time
commitment
According
Needed
reading and writing skills
Although there are no prerequisites
for this course, it is an upper-division course, designed for students who can
read and write English at the college level.
This means I assume you have the following reading and writing skills,
and assignments are made with this expectation in mind:
These abilities are part of what I understand by “able to read and write at the college level.” There is (or should be) no shame in lacking this set of skills. But this course is not the right place to acquire them (though it certainly is a good place to polish and improve them).
Rewriting
Students who are unhappy with the
grade they receive on any written assignment for this class may rewrite
it. If you choose to rewrite an
assignment, turn in the original version along with your revised version and
mark or otherwise indicate which sections have been altered. I am very unlikely to raise a grade by more
than one letter grade.
All work submitted for this course must be your own. Plagiarism is the academic ‘sin’ of presenting someone else’s work as your own. It is plagiarism if you copy something verbatim (word for word) from a published source, from the Internet, or from another student. It is still plagiarism if you rearrange, paraphrase, condense, or summarize someone else’s work without making clear to your reader what is your contribution and what is taken from your source. If the exact wording comes from your source, then use quotation marks. If the idea comes from someone else, give him or her credit for it. The way to do this is to cite your sources. There is a clear and detailed explanation of various forms of plagiarism and of proper citation practices at http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/~tales/02-1/plagiarism.html. I will give a grade of ‘F’ to any student who submits plagiarized work for this course.